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Gender in Dutch grammar
In the Dutch language, the gender of a noun determines the articles, adjective forms and pronouns that are used in reference to that noun. Gender is a complicated topic in Dutch, because depending on the geographical area or speaker either a three-gender structure or a two-gender structure (with vestiges of a three-gender structure) is identified and maintained.
==Overview==
Traditionally, nouns in Dutch, like in German and Icelandic, have retained the three grammatical genders found in the older forms of all Germanic languages: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Almost all Dutch speakers maintain the neuter gender, which has distinct adjective inflection, definite article and some pronouns. The picture is less clear for the masculine and feminine gender, because in the standard language the adjective inflection of both is identical, and both share the same article and the same demonstrative pronouns. The standard language mostly distinguishes masculine and feminine genders by the use of the personal pronoun, which is ''hij'' for masculine nouns and ''zij'' for feminine nouns. It is also distinguished in the case forms of the definite article an some pronouns, but those have fallen out of use and are only retained in literary or archaic usage and fixed expressions.
In Belgium and southern dialects of the Netherlands, the distinction between the three genders is usually, but not always, maintained. Words that were traditionally feminine are still referred to with ''zij'', whereas traditionally masculine words retain the use of ''hij''. However, in the case of persons and animals of known sex the pronouns used are generally determined by the biological sex rather than by the grammatical gender of the word.
In most remaining parts of the Netherlands and in Suriname, the distinction between masculine and feminine nouns has disappeared, producing a common gender that uses the same inflections and pronouns as the original masculine. The pronouns ''hij'' and ''zij'' are used when the referent has a natural gender, so ''hij'' is used for a male person, ''zij'' for a female person. However, when the noun is inanimate and has no natural gender, the pronoun ''hij'' is used not only for traditionally masculine nouns, but for traditionally feminine nouns as well. Thus, the situation in these areas resembles that of English, although there is still a distinction among inanimate nouns between common ''hij'' and neuter ''het'' (English uses ''it'' for both, having lost all gender distinctions in inanimate nouns).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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